فصلنامه سیاست جهانی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 27، بهار 1398)

At globalization era, development has been faced to a complicated situation. While some scholars interpret globalization as a restriction to government and destruction of national choherency; others consider that as an opportunity to be highly motivated in order to develop the economics. Today what is a problematic is the globalized text of development, something that creates a new perspective on development and so it is required to find a new approach about it. Meanwhile, coping with this challenging phenomenon is much more crucial for developing countries which called ''late comers'', because of their lack of fundamental structures and flexible institutions. Regarding to this fact the answer to globalization for late comers is more than a simple reaction and it is about many factors which are shaping it gradually. So as a particular view there is an emphasis on effective institutions which provide them confident measures to direct their potential sources toward stable and comprehensive development. Based on this vision, the article is determined to use institutional approach and comparative method to find out how nations shape their answer to globalization institutionally which can direct their sources toward development; and how their institutionally answer differs among countries in the way which they turn globalization out to be an opportunity or a threat.

The China started to economic growth and became to an economic power after 1970's. this country seek to be an economic power based on it's extensive economic growth.by report of the more important institutions prediction such as Goldman Sachs, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Economists the China economy achieves the equal GDP in 2030 with USA and will be more empowerment and more enrichment than this country in 20250.this article want to analysis the effect of emerging the China as the great economic power on the political economy of USA based on the mercantilism- hegemony theory in the Trump administration ,that his doctrine in presidential election was "the American First". the Trump economic plans are moving from free economic model to protectionism theory including the protection of American domestic products, specially industry, agriculture, petroleum and energy and bypassing the international agreements like as NAFTA, IpAC and other bilateral and multilateral treaties and making the Tariffs against the China and EU. the main goal of this plans and actions is coming back the lost economic opportunities for American economy.

The development and increase of wealth is always the main concern of states that are based on democracy and people's opinion. The leaders of these countries are well aware that ignoring the development and its components can have serious risks to their country national security in the future. Based on global experiences, it is not possible to develop and increase national wealth without communication with the world. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of foreign policy in the development of Japan after World War II. In this regard, the question that arises is: What is the role of Japan's foreign policy in development of this country after World War II? In response to this question, the research hypothesis points to this issue that Japan's foreign policy has played a key role in promoting its country's wealth development. Therefore, development was not taking place in Japan, regardless of the economic approach in foreign policy. Research findings show that Japan's foreign policy has played a significant role in Japan's economic development by giving priority to economic interests in relation to other states, helping to attract foreign investment, export-oriented look and building relationships with countries that have a complementary role for the Japanese economy.

Economic development is one of the goals of governments, especially in developing countries. Economic development is especially difficult for countries that lack natural resources, because they need to use their other capacities. The Republic of Turkey, which became independent in 1924, is one of those countries, and its founding strategy, Ataturk, has been seeking to achieve modernity and economic development. Turkey, in a strategic situation, connects the two continents of Asia and Europe and is the main transit route for these two continents, a situation that gives it a special place in the Middle East. But despite this capacity, the country was not politically stable as a prerequisite for economic development by the 1990s due to numerous military coups. But this decade later, with the advent of political stability and within the framework of a series of economic reforms, he was able to advance in the process of economic development. The question now is, what was the Republic of Turkey in terms of the financial and economic policies of the Republic of Turkey and how did it affect the economic development of the country and its integration into the global economy? To answer this question, and the overall result of the paper shows that Turkey, through its structural reforms in its economic institutions, as well as the convergence with the international system and international economic institutions, as shown by the country's main economic indicators, Economic development and integration in the global economy have been successful.

The present study seeks to compare the situation of Iran and Turkey in the international competition law. Regarding the competition law of Turkey, which contains new rules such as Article 59 of the Law on Protection of Competition, explain the different approach of the Iranian legislator. In Iran, competition law is nascent, while Turkey has done more. For example, the budget of the Turkish Competition Organization is a fixed percentage of the remuneration paid to the government by private companies, but in Iran it is part of the state budget. In spite of the existence of appropriate grounds for the compilation of competition law and the prohibition of the procedures referred to before the adoption of Chapter 9 on Amendments to the Law of the Fourth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Program and the general policies of Article 44 in the Constitution, we could consider a number of prohibitions about these procedures. Anti corruption procedures in Iran have not been identified and presented by the authorities for lack of coherent law. The main question of the article is What is the situation of Iran and Turkey in the international competition law in terms of drafting the rules of this area and their implementation? The main hypothesis also is that Turkey has made more progress than Iran in terms of its formulation and implementation, by taking further steps in international competition law such as drafting laws and allocating funds, although there are some challenges yet. The research method is legal-comparative.

Since Donald Trump took power as president, significant change occurred in US behavioral pattern. Trump by adopting economic nationalism approach, which is based on State-centric and protective policy, has challenged international trade order. With regard to that, this article aims to answer to this question how US economic nationalism impacted trade order of the international economic? Also what are the aims of the US by adopting economic nationalism? And to achieve the goals what strategies were chosen by the country?  The findings reveal that the US new administration, aimed at maintaining the country’s world hegemony and its favorite order and development and economic security which guarantee its national security, has prioritized economic nationalism. Though this policy supplies the US demands, however it has negative impacts on international trade order. The Economic nationalism policy through damaging national economic of other countries, creating international economic stagnation, and eventually deactivating international treaties and creating destabilation in international economic has weaken liberal trade order. The research method is analytical- explanatory and the mercantilism theory has been used for explaining the subject matter.

Yemen is now one of the critical centers of activity in Western Asia, and has launched many actors at the local, regional and transnational levels with a view to achieving the desired conclusion during the developments. An important issue regarding the developments in Yemen is the question of the roots of the emergence and continuation of this crisis and the main strategies and main reasons for the intervention of various actors. The present research seeks to answer this question from a critical geopolitical point of view, what are the main causes of the intervention of regional and transnational activists in the Yemeni crisis? The research hypothesis is that Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have looked at the strategic areas of Yemen such as Iran, the United States, China, and Israel, have acted in the wake of the importance of the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, the Gulf of Aden and other strategic Yemeni ports. Research findings suggest that the Yemeni crisis is more than the result of an ideological disagreement between the Houthis and SUnited States indirectly aim to dominate the strategic sectors of Yemen, reduce their dependence on the Strait of Hormuz, control the Strait, control the ports of Aden, Mukalla, Mocha, Al Hudaydah and Mion Island, Socotra, Zuqar and Hanish. On the other hand, stakeholders such as Iran and China have taken the strategy of undermining the goals of the invading countries. The research is descriptive and analytical, and the data collection method is also a library document.

In the age of Globalization Soft power has an Equals important like as Hard Power. According to Joseph Nye''''s Theory, the result of Hard and soft Power Combination is Smart Power. So Russia and USA along with hardware competition, are rivals in the field of soft power. Although mentioned Competition dose not limited to the Specific Area But it has Double Importance in the Geopolitical Zone like South Caucasus Because by Soft influence Exploitation of long standing interests become Easier. According to Russia and USA tries to Apply their soft power in south Caucasus. Present article Answers the following Question; What these Moscow and Washington''''s tools to apply their soft power in the South Caucasus? And what are the differences and similarities with each other? To Answer these Question we use the Joseph Nye''''s Soft Power Theory. The result of this research indicate that "USA Soft power has political, Cultural and Economical Elements with Universal Dimension But Russia''''s Soft Power has more Historical- Cultural Dimension with Regional range. The soft power in the United States has a civilian background, but in Russia it has a more governmental character." So the manner of Applying the soft power in south Caucasus is Different. The present study was conducted by using library and internet resources